When was the last time you thought about your cervical health? For many women, it’s not a topic that comes up often, until it becomes a concern. But staying informed about cervical cancer can make all the difference in early detection and prevention.
Donna McNamara, MD, a specialist in gynecologic oncology, at St. Joseph’s Health, explains, “Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable forms of cancer if caught early, thanks to advancements in screening and vaccines.”
In this article, we’ll cover what cervical cancer is, what causes it, how it’s diagnosed, and the steps you can take to protect yourself.
What Is Cervical Cancer, and What Causes It?
Cervical cancer starts in the cells of the cervix, the lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. According to Dr. McNamara, “Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus spread through sexual contact.”
HPV is a virus that is spread through sexual contact. While many people are exposed to HPV at some point in their lives, the immune system often clears the infection. However, in some cases, the virus persists and can lead to changes in the cervical cells, which may eventually become cancerous. Other risk factors that are linked to causing cervical cancer include smoking, a weakened immune system, and not getting regular cervical screenings.
Signs and Symptoms
Cancer symptoms aren’t often noticeable in their early stages, which is why regular screening is so important. As the cancer progresses, you might notice:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as between periods or after intercourse
- Unusual discharge that may be watery, pink, or have a foul odor
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
“Any abnormal bleeding or unusual symptoms should prompt a visit to your doctor,” Dr. McNamara advises. Early detection can save lives.
Types of Cervical Cancer
There are two main types of cervical cancer, classified based on the type of cell where the cancer begins. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma, which develops in the thin, flat cells lining the outer surface of the cervix. This type accounts for about 90% of cancer cases.
The second type is adenocarcinoma, which arises in the glandular cells lining the cervical canal. In rare cases, both types can occur together, known as mixed carcinoma.
“Understanding the type of cervical cancer is crucial in determining the most effective treatment plan,” explains Dr. McNamara. “Early detection through screening helps identify these types before they progress.”
Stages and Treatment Options
Once diagnosed, cancer of the cervix is categorized into stages based on how far the cancer has spread. Staging helps doctors determine the best course of treatment and gives patients a clearer understanding of their prognosis.
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ): Precancerous cells are found on the surface layer of the cervix but have not invaded deeper tissues. At this stage, the abnormal cells can often be removed with minor procedures like a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cryotherapy.
Stage I: Cancer is confined to the cervix. Treatment at this stage may involve surgery, such as a hysterectomy, or targeted radiation therapy.
Stage II: In this stage, the cancer has spread beyond the cervix to nearby tissues, such as the upper part of the vagina, but has not reached the pelvic walls. Treatment may involve a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy to target the affected area.
Stage III: Cancer has spread to the pelvic wall, the lower part of the vagina, and/or the lymph nodes. It may also block the ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder). This stage requires more aggressive treatment, often involving a combination of radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and potentially surgery.
Stage IV: This is the most advanced stage, where the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as nearby organs or, in some cases, distant areas like the lungs or liver.
While a stage IV cervical cancer prognosis may sound intimidating, it’s important to remember that treatments are available to slow the progression of the disease, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life. “Stage IV doesn’t mean there’s no hope,” Dr. McNamara reassures. “We focus on providing the best possible care and supporting patients every step of the way.”
Dr. McNamara explains, “Each stage of cervical cancer requires a personalized approach to treatment. Advances in medical technology and therapies have given us more tools than ever to treat the disease, even in later stages.” Early detection through regular screenings remains the best way to catch cervical cancer in its earlier, more treatable stages.
How Is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?
Screening is the cornerstone of cervical cancer prevention. The two main tests are:
- Pap Smear (Pap Test): This test checks for abnormal cells on the cervix that could lead to cancer.
- HPV Test: This test looks for the presence of high-risk HPV types in cervical cells.
The American Cancer Society recommends women begin cervical cancer screening at age 25, with an HPV test every five years, or a Pap test every three years, depending on individual risk factors.
Can Cervical Cancer Be Prevented or Cured?
The good news is that cervical cancer is highly preventable and, when detected early, highly treatable. Here are some key prevention strategies:
Get Vaccinated: The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV most commonly linked to cervical cancer. Dr. McNamara notes, “It’s best to get vaccinated before becoming sexually active, but the vaccine is beneficial at any age.”
Regular Screenings: Routine Pap and HPV tests can identify changes early, when treatment is most effective.
Practice Safe Sex: Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can reduce the risk of HPV infection.
Quit Smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight off HPV infections.
Final Thoughts
Cervical cancer doesn’t have to be a life-threatening diagnosis. Through regular screenings, vaccinations, and healthy lifestyle choices, it’s possible to significantly reduce your risk.
As Dr. McNamara concludes, “Knowledge is power. By staying proactive and informed, you can take control of your cervical health and protect yourself for the future.”
To get screened for cervical cancer, an appointment with a gynecologist is your first step. Find one of our expert gynecologists here. Our website also has more information about the full spectrum of care we offer for Women’s Health. Be proactive about your health. Taking the first step could make all the difference.
